Fry Bread (2024)

Fry Bread (1)

Cooked fry bread (in boxes)
(19687.IT.AICS.48.19, Chester R. Cowen Collection, OHS).

FRY BREAD.

Fry bread, associated with American Indian cuisine along with its relative, "the Indian taco," emerged in the twentieth century as a favored treat at Oklahoma fairs, powwows, festivals, and restaurants. According to many historians, American Indians, usually those connected with the Southwest, developed fry bread during the mid- to late-nineteenth century as the U.S. government began relocating and confining these peoples. Having to adapt to new sources of subsistence, many tribes learned to cook with traditional U.S. Army rations. Using the provided white wheat flour, Native cooks hand-flattened and deep-fried the dough into a distinctive, golden bread.

Fry bread has many variants. It can contain pumpkin or squash, be topped with fruits and sweets, or be covered with beans, chili, onions, tomatoes, and cheese to create an Indian taco. Most cooks have their own unique recipe to make the simple dish. In 1993 the American Indian Exposition in Anadarko hosted its first national fry bread contest. Fry bread in the form of Indian tacos has long been a favorite at the State Fair of Oklahoma. Dan's Indian Tacos, originally an Oklahoma City restaurant, gained a large following, selling from booths at regional fairs and art festivals. These foodstuffs remain a standard at powwows and at the Red Earth Festival held in Oklahoma City. Although many American Indian entrepreneurs sell fry bread mixes and related cooked items, others are critical of the commercialization of this product. In a 2001 review of the exhibits and other offerings of the National Museum of the American Indian, scholars Patricia Hilden and Shari Huhndorf ironically noted that selling fry bread mix in the gift shop provided "a fitting conclusion: excess commodity flour, lard, sugar, [once] offered to starving reservation people as partial payment for the millions of acres of treaty-stolen land, [and] transformed by Native ingenuity to disguise mold and rancidity, here becomes a portable artifact of Indian authenticity for tourist consumption."

Larry O'Dell

Learn More

Carolyn J. Niethammer, American Indian Cooking: Recipes from the Southwest (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1999).

Nicolette I. Teufel, "Nutrient-health Associations in the Historic and Contemporary Diets of Southwest Native Americans," Journal of Nutritional and Environmental Medicine 6 (June 1996).

Citation

The following (as per The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th edition) is the preferred citation for articles:
Larry O'Dell, “Fry Bread,” The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry?entry=FR023.

Published January 15, 2010

© Oklahoma Historical Society

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Fry Bread (2024)

FAQs

Why do Native Americans make fry bread? ›

In place of traditional Diné foods such as corn, beans, and squash, the government provided only sparse commodities like flour, salt, sugar, and lard. Through ingenuity and experimentation, fry bread was born as a means of survival.

How unhealthy is fry bread? ›

Health Problems

Fry bread can be eaten alone or as part of a meal, or can be dessert topped with butter, cinnamon and sugar or perhaps honey. Fry bread is tempting to most people because of the grease/lard/shortening ingredient and therein lies the problem. Not only is fry bread high in fat, it is also caloric.

What is fry bread made of? ›

A typical frybread recipe consists of flour, water, salt, a small amount of oil or lard, and sometimes baking powder or more rarely yeast. The ingredients are mixed and worked into a simple dough, and covered with a cloth for 30 minutes to an hour, until the dough rises.

Are sopapillas the same as fry bread? ›

What's the difference between fry bread and sopapillas? Mostly just the name. Fry bread doesn't have sugar in the dough and the name is used more in Arizona. In New Mexico they are called sopapillas and in the Pacific Northwest some people call them elephant ears.

Do native Alaskans eat fry bread? ›

Let's talk about frybread. It can be found at almost every gathering, celebration, and Indian “doing”, but certainly at every powwow.

Why is the book fry bread controversial? ›

For these critics, fry bread is an easy target for a much larger problem of being forced to deviate from a traditional Indigenous diet. Some, but not all, communities have no fresh market or a convenient place to buy fruits and vegetables. 5 Fast food is plentiful, cheap, and unhealthy.

Why does fried bread taste so good? ›

It's flavorful.

Unlike the dry toast you can make in a toaster (or under the broiler in your oven), slices fried in oil are rich and luxurious; that bit of extra fat goes a long way in the flavor department.

What age is fry bread for? ›

While “Fry Bread: A Native American Family Story” is recommended for audiences ages three to six, it's undoubtedly a book that will last on shelves well into readers' double digits. (…)

Why does fry bread have a hole in the middle? ›

Working one piece at a time, roll out the dough into a round about 1/4-1/3 inch thick. Pierce the center of each piece of dough with a paring knife. This hole becomes unnoticeable after frying; it just helps prevent the dough from forming one giant air bubble when it hits the hot frying oil.

Why is my fry bread so hard? ›

Don't over-knead—Be careful not to knead the dough too much because the bread will be hard and tough.

Is fry bread like funnel cake? ›

Fry bread was invented by the Navajo tribe of the southwestern United States in 1864 using the flour, sugar, lard, and salt given to them by the U.S. government. The end-result is a cake that is flatter and smoother compared to funnel cakes' fluffy, lumpy texture.

Is fry bread really Native American? ›

According to many historians, American Indians, usually those connected with the Southwest, developed fry bread during the mid- to late-nineteenth century as the U.S. government began relocating and confining these peoples.

Do Mexicans eat sopapillas? ›

Sopapillas are a popular Hispanic dish in South America and New Mexico. The deep-fried pastries can be served as a dessert, covered with honey or syrup, or as an entree, stuffed with meat, cheese and peppers.

Why don't my sopapillas puff up? ›

The right temperature oil (365 F) is key to making sopapillas that puff up completely. If you don't have a thermometer, you can take a small pinch of dough and place it in the oil. If it immediately bubbles and floats to the surface, the oil is ready. The oil should never be so hot that it is smoking.

What is the history of squaw bread? ›

Squaw bread is a rye and molasses bread that was developed by the German immigrants and the Native Americans near whom they lived in the 1800s. When some of the Germans chose to move west, they took with them seeds for rye and recipes from their homeland.

What type of bread did Native Americans make? ›

Bannock, skaan (or scone), Indian bread, alatiq, or frybread is found throughout North-American Native cuisine, including that of the Inuit of Canada and Alaska, other Alaska Natives, the First Nations of the rest of Canada, the Native Americans in the United States, and the Métis.

Did Native Americans have leavened bread? ›

In the 18th century, some Native Americans produced 'soda ash' to leaven their breads. They shared their methods for producing the chemical leven with Colonial cooks of European descent who had previously only used yeast.

What type of bread was adopted by American colonists from the indigenous people and was made of cornmeal? ›

Early cornbread consisted of cornmeal, water, and salt and was baked over a fire or in a hearth. Without milk, eggs, or sugar, early versions of the bread were quite different than what we eat today, but they offered a vital source of energy.

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